A randomized controlled trial in type-2 diabetes patient without other complications showed that supplementation of bitter gourd fruit powder along with Metformin and Glibenclamide provided improved glycaemic control ( p < 0.05) 9.īesides the fruits and leaves, bitter gourd seed oil (BGSO) also has therapeutic and industrial applications. The glucose lowering effect was higher among the participants with higher baseline fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels 8. In another clinical trial, daily consumption of 2.5 g of dried whole bitter gourd fruit powder (equivalent to 50 g fresh bitter gourd fruit) significantly lowered the blood glucose levels in individuals with prediabetes. In a randomized controlled trial, oral intake of dried bitter gourd fruit pulp 2000 mg/day exhibited hypoglycemic effect as indicated by a significant reduction in fructosamine levels 7. It can be used for birth control, abortion, and treating ailments like jaundice, leprosy, piles, psoriasis, and rheumatism 5, 6. Bitter gourd fruits and leaves have a long history of use in traditional medicine for treating diabetes, infection, wounds, and osteoarthritis 4. The bitter gourd genome is made of 2n = 2x = 22 chromosomes and 339 Mb. It is a climber belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family and has about 60 annual and perennial species 2, 3. It is also called bitter melon, balsam-apple, bitter apple, balsam pear, balsam birne, African cucumber, bitter cucumber, bittergurke, karela, and carilla gourd 1. The transcriptome, transcripts with tissue-specific expression patterns, and the full-length identified from this study will serve as an important genomics resource for this important medicinal plant.īitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is a vegetable crop widely cultivated in Asia and Africa.

From the fruit transcriptome, we identified 26, 3, and 10 full-length genes coding for all the enzymes required for synthesizing fatty acids, conjugated fatty acids, and triacylglycerol.

In gene ontology terms, 99,443, 86,681, and 82,954 transcripts were classified under biological process, molecular function, and cellular component. The transcripts were annotated against the NCBI non-redundant database using the BLASTX tool (E-value < 1E−05). Transcript assembly was validated by RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analysis of a few selected transcripts. It consisted of 125,566 transcripts with N50 value 2,751 bp, mean length 960 bp, and 84% completeness. In this study, we assembled the fruit transcriptome of bitter gourd using 254.5 million reads (Phred score > 30) from the green rind, white rind, pulp, immature seeds, and mature seeds. Despite its significance, genomics studies are limited, and the genes for seed oil biosynthesis are not fully understood.

It also has an industrial application as a drying agent. The bitter gourd seed oil, rich in conjugated fatty acids, has therapeutic value to treat cancer, obesity, and aging.

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